我原本对竞速技术没有什么兴趣，不过在网上看到这篇图文并茂的文章还是忍不住来翻译一下。因为在这个领域懂得不多，翻译难免有误，望高手指点。原文中有几个专业词汇弄得不是很明白，比如square relationship,edge set等等，暂时就按照我认为的意思去翻了，如有谬误，请达人指出。
另外，文中所提到的大回转、小回转，都是指GS和SL，是竞技项目/竞技技术，而非日常口头所说的大小回转。
再另外，这里贴图太麻烦了，可以去原帖里看图。
原文转自：http://www.youcanski.com/en/coaching/modern_technique.htm
作者简介：
Greg spent over 18 years of his life coaching skiing. He coached racers all over the world, including Austria, US and Canada. His coaching experience covers it all, from junior racers, to working with the national teams, side by side with some of the best coaches in Europe and North America. He trained many outstanding racers who won medals at World Cup and World Championships. Perhaps more importantly, he also coached athletes who were perceived by others as the ones with no real potential in the sport, and at times was able to get them to produce some outstanding results. Greg wrote many articles in professional publications and most of the content in the COACHING section. He currently works on a book "Alpine Skiing Through the Eyes of a Coach".
Greg担任滑雪教练（指导运动员）已经18年了，他曾在世界各地任教，包括奥地利、美国、加拿大等国。他的执教经历丰富，从青少年选手到国家队，并与欧洲、北美的一些顶级的教练共事。他指导过很多获得了世界杯和世锦赛奖牌的出色选手。更重要的是，他也曾经指导过一些不被看好的选手，并能让他们取得出色的成绩。Greg在专业刊物的教练版撰写过很多文章。他现在正在写《教练眼中的高山滑雪》。
正文：
Modern alpine ski racing technique has been a subject of many misinterpretations and controversies. I have decided to clarify this matter by carefully studying the technique of ski racers who are currently the best in the world. Although Austrians come to mind first, there are a number of racers from other countries who could be considered among the leaders in developing and using the modern GS and Slalom techniques.
In other words, there isn't just an "Austrian technique" that should be duplicated and used by the rest of the world, instead -- there is
International Modern Technique. All of the top GS and Slalom racers have similar trends in their skiing. These general trends of modern technique go far beyond racer's body type and his individual skiing style. They could be used uniformly by all racers from developing junior racers to members of the national teams. The efficiency in the following techniques and biomechanics are reflected through the entire group of top World Cup racers.
现在高山滑雪竞技技术是一个充满了误解和争论的话题。我决定通过仔细研究当今世界上那些顶尖选手的技术来阐明这个话题。虽然首先想到的是奥地利选手，但还有很多来自其他国家的选手在使用现代大回转和小回转（特指竞技项目）技术方面也很出色。换句话说，不是大家都在模仿和使用“奥地利技术”，而是现代高山滑雪技术已经国际化了。所有顶尖的大回转和小回转选手在滑行中都有一些相似的趋势，这些现代技术的趋势和选手的体型及个人风格无关。从青少年选手到国家队队员都可以使用这种技术。所有顶级世界杯选手的反馈都说明了这些技术的有效性。
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Common Trends of Modern Technique
Parallel Skis
Parallel Legs and Shins
Loaded Inside Ski
Level Ski Tips
Crossover and Crossunder Work in Concert
Down-Unweighting
Early Edge Engagement
Pressure in the Fall-Line
现代技术的共同趋势：
两板平行
两腿（小腿）平行
内侧板承重
板头平齐
上方穿越与下方穿越相统一
低姿释重
提早用刃
途经滚落线时的压力
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Parallel Skis 两板平行
Turns on parallel skis are used in both Slalom and GS. There is no noticeable convergence or divergence of the skis at any stage of the turn throughout the entire run in the racecourse or while free skiing. It is not easily achieved on a consistent basis. During any type of a turn legs move in the opposite directions -- outside one turns inward while the inside leg turns outward. Therefore keeping the skis parallel is a technical skill that requires mastering. Skis are kept parallel even in the turns with the pivoted entry.
在小回转和大回转中都要用到两板平行的转弯。在竞赛及自由滑的时候，在转弯时，两板都没有明显不平行的阶段。这并不容易做到，在所有类型的转弯过程中，两腿都会朝不同方向旋转——外侧退向内旋转、内侧退向外旋转（译者按：以两脚之间为内、两脚之外为外）。因此保持两板平行是需要专门技巧和训练的。即便在扭转（搓雪）入弯的时候，两板也要保持平行。
Although Modern Technique is geared towards clean arc to arc skiing the turns with some pivoting in the initial stage are still needed on the steep turny sections of the course. All of the top racers are very good not only at carving but at pivoting with parallel skis as well.
There is an obvious speed advantage of parallel skis. It allows applying more pressure on the inside ski in the second part of the turn, which eliminates excessive locking of the edge of the outside ski. Now both skis are loaded and involved in carving smooth, faster arcs. If the skis were in scissored (diverging) position, loading the inside ski would result in either sliding of the outside ski or simply falling to the inside of the turn. In other words, diverging inside ski would not effectively contribute to carving.
虽然由于装备的革新（切边雪板），在现代技术中更倾向于一个弧接一个弧地走刃。但是在坡度很陡、转弯很急的地方，在入弯阶段还是需要有一定程度的雪板扭转的。顶级选手们不只擅长走刃，同样也能保持两板平行地扭转雪板。
保持两板平行对提高速度有明显的好处，它让选手可以在出弯阶段多分一些力量在内侧板上，这样可以消除外侧板承重过大造成的吃刃过深（译者按：会影响速度）。这样，两只板子就能共同划出平滑的弧线，速度也更快。如果两只板子成外八字型，在内侧板施压会造成要么外侧板的刃滑脱出轨道，要么人像弯的内侧摔倒。换句话说，如果板子成外八字型，就不利于走刃。
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Parallel Legs and Shins 两腿(小腿)平行
The edge angle is created primarily by inclination with extended outside leg. There is almost no knee angulation used in GS and it is kept to a minimum in Slalom. Straighter (more extended) outside leg creates a much stronger, biomechanically sound position that helps to withstand huge forces produced in modern turns. This position allows the skeleton, rather than the muscles and joints, to take the load, which greatly reduces the chances of injuries to a knee joint. The top group of athletes has on average much less injuries then the racers at lower level, mostly due to more biomechanically sound technique.
立刃的角度主要是由伸展的外侧腿的侧倾实现的。在大回转中外侧腿的膝部几乎不弯曲，在小回转中也弯曲得很少。伸直的外侧腿可以在过弯时承受更大的力量。这个姿势（外侧腿伸直）让骨骼承重，而不是肌肉和关节，这有效减少了膝关节受伤的几率。顶级选手的平均受伤概率远小于二流选手，因为他们采用了更符合生物力学的技术。
Inclination with parallel legs allows for the Center of Mass to travel by much shorter, more direct path through the gates. Combination of parallel legs/shins and parallel skis allows for both skis to carve. All of that result in significant time gains.
双腿平行的侧倾使得在过旗门的时候重心移动的更少、路径更直接。两腿平行结合两板平行，使得两支雪板可以一起走刃。所有这些都会加快速度、节约时间。
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Loaded Inside Ski 内侧板承重
The top racers have on average 80:20 ratio of outside to inside ski pressure in Slalom and 70:30 in GS. This ratio is constantly changing throughout the turn. Normally the turn is started above the fall line with 90% of pressure on the outside ski. Upon entering the fall line inside ski is starting to carry more load while it is not only assisting in maintaining lateral balance but is actively contributing to carving. It is normal to see a ratio of 60:40 in the second part of a turn. It could even be 50:50 throughout the most of a turn, but only on the flat less turny sections of a course. Loading of inside ski works and produces speed advantage only if skis are kept parallel throughout the entire turn.
顶级选手在小回转时平均的外脚/内脚分力是8:2，在大回转中是7:3。在转弯过程中，这个比例在在不断变化的。通常在雪板和滚落线平行之前，外侧板承担90%的力量。在雪板指向滚落线方向时，内侧板开始承担更多的力量，这不仅是为了保持侧向的平衡，也是为了更好地走刃。在出弯阶段看到6:4分力是很正常的，甚至有时会达到5:5，但这种情况只会出现在坡度较缓且弯不急的赛道上。只有在转弯的全程中两板都保持平行，内侧板承重才会对速度有正面影响。
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Level Ski Tips 板头平齐
Although there is a significant lateral split between the skis in Slalom and GS the split in sagittal (fore and aft) plane has been reduced. Having ski tips almost level, especially in the first half of a turn, assists in keeping them parallel and carving early. Sagittal split produces unnecessary counter-rotation and could also cause premature loading of the inside ski. It could alter lateral balance and affect carving of both skis. Keeping minimal sagittal split maintains square relationship between upper and lower body through the first of a turn. This is the most natural and biomechanically strong position similar to the downhill tuck, the most efficient position in skiing.
虽然在大小回转中两板都有明显的侧向分离，但是两板的前后差距是被缩小的。让两板的立刃幅度相当，尤其是在入弯阶段，有利于保证两板的平行和更早地开始走刃。两板前后错开造成不必要的上下身反旋，同时也造成内侧板过早承重。这会改变侧向平衡并影响两板的走刃。保持两板前后差距最小化，使得在入弯的时候上下身保持square relationship(直角关系？稳定关系？不会翻译。。)这是最自然也是生物力学上最有力的姿势，就像低姿速降的姿势一样，低姿速降姿势时滑雪中最有效的姿势。
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Crossover and Crossunder Work in Concert 上方穿越和下方穿越相统一
Both types of cross movements are used in Modern skiing. Crossover (CM of mass crosses over the skis) is prevalent in complete GS turns on steep parts of the course. Crossunder (skis cross under the CM) comes into play in slightly more shallow GS turns on the flatter sections. Crossunder is extensively used in modern Slalom. It is usually combined with down-unweigthing. Regardless of type of cross movement the modern GS and SL turns use the entire ski. The turn is usually finished with the pressure on the tail and started with some pressure on the front of the ski. Both types of cross movements not only place the skis on the other side of the body for the next turn but also assist in recentering - shifting the pressure from the tails to the front of the skis. In reality, crossover and crossunder work in concert, providing for simultaneous lateral and forward movement of CM. Combination of skis carving tip-to-tail and quick efficient cross-over and cross-under movements into the new turn produce an early edge set.
这两种穿越动作都在现代滑雪中有所应用。上方穿越（重心从雪板上方越过雪板）普遍用于大回转中较陡的赛道。下方穿越（雪板从重心下方越过）则用于在大回转中较平缓的赛道上转较浅的弯。下方穿越广泛应用于现代小回转技术，通常与低姿释重结合使用。无论使用那种穿越动作，现代大回转和小回转技术在转弯时都是使用整个雪板。一个弯结束的时候力量通常压在板尾，而入弯的时候力量则压在板头。这两种穿越动作不仅仅是将板子送到身体的另一侧以开始下一个转弯，同时也是帮助选手将力量从板尾移至板头。在现实中，上方穿越和下方穿越是和谐统一的，使得重心可以同步的侧向和前向移动。雪板从板头到板尾的走刃，结合快速有效的上方和下方穿越动作，使得用刃时机得以提前。
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Down-Unweigthing 低姿释重
Down-unweigthing is used in SL and GS as the way of unloading the skis to allow them to cross-under the body for the new turn. It creates a so-called "virtual bump" between the turns. Skier retracts his legs just as if he was going over the bump in the transition phase and extends them into the turn as it was the galley in between the bumps. Combination of down-unweigthing and cross-under movement works well in shallow turns on moderate terrain. It provides for an early edge set and carving with both skis which makes for much faster skiing through the moderately flat sections of the course.
在大小回转中，低姿释重可以释放雪板的压力，以便让雪板从身体下方穿越到另一侧以开始下一个转弯。这种技术在两个弯之间制造出所谓的“虚拟雪包”。在出弯和入弯衔接的阶段，滑雪者将腿收缩，就好像他正在滑上一个雪包的样子，而后又将腿伸展开，就好像进入两个雪包之间的谷底一样。低姿释重和下方穿越相结合，适用于在不太陡的坡度上转浅弯。它使用刃时机提早，并让两板同时走刃，使得在不太陡的赛道上可以滑得更快。
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Early Edge Engagement 提早用刃
Modern GS and Slalom turns are not perfectly round. Instead, their shape resembles a long comma. Most of the direction change is done above the fall-line. Therefore carving should start above the fall line as well.
That allows racers to accelerate out of the fall-line having about 70% of a turn completed before the gate.
In order for that to happen, ski needs to be tipped on its edge very early in the turn. Well timed cross movement in combination with extension and inclination positions the body inside the turn before the pressure is really built on the outside ski. Occasionally, it could result in initiation of the turn on the inside ski, which is a technical error, often mistakenly considered to be a part of Modern Technique. There is a fine line between an early edge set and leaning in on top of the turn. Top racers can sense it most of the time.
现代的大小回转的弯都不是精确的圆弧形，而是像一个长的逗号的形状。在入弯阶段雪板方向的变化更多，因此应该在入弯阶段就开始走刃。
这能让选手在离开滚落线的时候处于加速状态，并在旗门之前就完成一个弯的70%。
为了达到这个效果，在刚开始一个转弯的时候雪板就必须立刃。时机适当的穿越动作配合伸展及侧倾，使得在力量实际压在外侧板之前身体就已经倾向弯的内侧了。有时候，这会造成入弯阶段内侧板承重，这其实是一个技术性失误，但常常被误认为是现代技术的一部分。事实上，提早用刃和在入弯时身体内倾是有明显区别的，顶级选手多数时候能感觉到。
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Pressure in the Fall-Line 途经滚落线时的压力
In order to maintain speed and even accelerate out of the turn skis need to be loaded above and into the fall-line. It has more impact in GS but produces time gains in Slalom as well. Top racers release the pressure coming out of the fall-line. It is very important as forces (gravity and centrifugal) match upon exiting the fall-line, creating stronger reaction force from the snow, resulting in deceleration. Combination of a cross movement, early edge set and pressure in the fall-line with early release are used to produce acceleration in Slalom and GS turns.
为了保持速度及加速出弯，在进入滚落线之前以及途径滚落线的时候雪板都必须处于承重状态。这对大回转尤其重要，同时也会提高小回转的速度。顶级选手在滑经滚落线的之后就开始释放雪板的压力。这一点很重要，因为在离开滚落线的时候重力和离心力的合力造成一个来自雪面的很强的反作用力，这个力使速度降低。穿越动作、提早用刃以及在滚落线处提早释放压力相结合，可以在大小回转中提高速度。
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While analyzing the ski technique it is important to separate the elements of individual style or some technical inefficiency from the trends of Modern Technique. Studying ski technique of the top racers produces very objective results as the fastest racers exhibit the best technique, which is not affected by style or need to create a certain impression. If and when a particular technique produces fast times it is adopted and used by the others. There are a number of technical progressions and drills the top racers use in their training in order to become more efficient. The eight characteristics of Modern Technique listed above are tightly intertwined with each other. Most of them could only be effectively used if the other ones are present in skier's technical arsenal. Only the combination of all eight performed in the right sequence creates this powerful yet graceful Modern Ski Technique.
在分析滑雪技术时，将个人风格的因素和一些无效样本与现代技术的趋势相区别是很重要的。研究顶级选手的滑雪技术可以得到很客观的结论，因为速度最快的选手展示的就是最好的技术，这些技术与个人风格无关，也不需要被刻意塑造。如果一项技术可以创造更快的速度，那么它就会被大家采用。顶级选手在训练中会使用步骤和联系方法以提高水平。上述的8条现代技术特征是相互紧密关联的，多数情况下，他们必须被联合应用才会起作用。只有将这8项技术按正确的顺序融合使用才能形成这个有力而优雅的现代滑雪技术。 |
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发表于 2011-12-26 22:59:47
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