MAYO CLINIC的急救指南（新增昆虫叮咬、蜇伤处理）

阿今 · 发表于 2007-3-26 11:31:11

Burns: First aid（烫伤）

To distinguish a minor burn from a serious burn, the first step is to determine the degree and the extent of damage to body tissues. The three classifications of first-degree burn, second-degree burn and third-degree burn will help you determine emergency care:

为了区别是轻微烫伤还是严重烫伤，第一步是判断烫伤级别和损害身体组织的程度。关于烫伤的三种分级，即一级烫伤，二级烫伤和三级烫伤能帮助你决定采用哪种紧急处理方式。

First-degree burn
The least serious burns are those in which only the outer layer of skin (epidermis) is burned. The skin is usually red, with swelling and pain sometimes present. The outer layer of skin hasn't been burned through. Treat a first-degree burn as a minor burn unless it involves substantial portions of the hands, feet, face, groin or buttocks, or a major joint.

一级烫伤
这是受伤程度最轻的一种，仅只有外层皮肤（上皮）被烫伤。皮肤呈红色，有时会肿痛。外层皮肤并没被伤透。除非是手、足、脸、腹股沟或臀部的主要部位烫伤，或者主要关节处烫伤，可以把一级烫伤当成轻微烫伤对待。

Second-degree burn
When the first layer of skin has been burned through and the second layer of skin (dermis) also is burned, the injury is termed a second-degree burn. Blisters develop and the skin takes on an intensely reddened, splotchy appearance. Second-degree burns produce severe pain and swelling.
If the second-degree burn is no larger than 2 to 3 inches in diameter, treat it as a minor burn. If the burned area is larger or if the burn is on the hands, feet, face, groin or buttocks, or over a major joint, get medical help immediately.

二级烫伤
当皮肤的第一层被彻底烫伤，而且皮肤的第二层（真皮）也被烫伤，则构成二级烫伤。如果烫伤区域比较大，或者位置是在手、足、脸或臀，或者主要关节处烫伤，要立即去寻求医疗救助。

For minor burns, including second-degree burns limited to an area no larger than 2 to 3 inches in diameter, take the following action:

对于轻微烫伤，包括二级烫伤（烫伤处的直径小于2-3英寸），可以采取如下措施：
 Cool the burn. Hold the burned area under cold running water for at least 5 minutes, or until the pain subsides. If this is impractical, immerse the burn in cold water or cool it with cold compresses. Cooling the burn reduces swelling by conducting heat away from the skin. Don't put ice on the burn.

 冷却烫伤。将烫伤部位放到流动的冷水下，至少五分钟，或者直到疼痛缓解。如果没有条件，可浸入到冷水中，或者使用冷敷。冷却烫伤能通过带走皮肤热量而减少肿胀。注意不要把冰块放在烫伤处。

 Cover the burn with a sterile gauze bandage. Don't use fluffy cotton, which may irritate the skin. Wrap the gauze loosely to avoid putting pressure on burned skin. Bandaging keeps air off the burned skin, reduces pain and protects blistered skin.

 将烫伤处包上消毒纱布。不要使用有绒毛的棉花，这可能会刺激皮肤。较松地包扎以避免给烫伤皮肤施加压力。纱布能将烫伤皮肤与空气隔离，减少疼痛，保护起泡的皮肤。

 Take an over-the-counter pain reliever. These include aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others), naproxen (Aleve) or acetaminophen (Tylenol, others). Never give aspirin to children or teenagers.

 服用止痛药。包括阿斯匹林，布洛芬（Advil, Motrin, others）, 萘普生（Aleve） or 对乙氨基酚 (泰诺止痛片等)。不要给小孩子或青少年服用阿斯匹林。

Minor burns usually heal without further treatment. They may heal with pigment changes, meaning the healed area may be a different color from the surrounding skin. Watch for signs of infection, such as increased pain, redness, fever, swelling or oozing. If infection develops, seek medical help. Avoid re-injuring or tanning if the burns are less than a year old ― doing so may cause more extensive pigmentation changes. Use sunscreen on the area for at least a year.

轻微烫伤通常不用进一步的治疗就能愈合。它们在愈合的时候会发生色素的变化，即愈合区的颜色与周围的皮肤颜色会有些差异。观察有没有感染现象，比如疼痛加剧，发经，发热，肿胀或渗液。如果发生了感染，要寻求医疗救治。如果烫伤（愈合）少于一年时间，要避免伤口再度受伤或晒伤――这样会造成较重的色素沉积。在（烫伤愈合）区域使用防晒霜，至少一年。

Caution
 Don't use ice. Putting ice directly on a burn can cause frostbite, further damaging your skin.
 Don't break blisters. Broken blisters are vulnerable to infection.

注意事项
不要使用冰块。直接在烫伤部位放冰块会造成冻伤，进一步损害你的皮肤。
不要弄破水泡。水泡弄破后会易于感染。

Third-degree burn
The most serious burns are painless and involve all layers of the skin. Fat, muscle and even bone may be affected. Areas may be charred black or appear dry and white. Difficulty inhaling and exhaling, carbon monoxide poisoning or other toxic effects may occur if smoke inhalation accompanies the burn.

三级烫伤
最严重的烫伤是不痛，而且包括皮肤的所有层（都受损）。脂肪，肌肉，甚至骨头都可能受到影响。烫伤区域可能被烧焦或者看起来又干又白。如果吸入烟雾，伴随烫伤的可能还有呼吸困难，一氧化碳中毒或其它中毒。

For major burns, dial 911 or call for emergency medical assistance. Until an emergency unit arrives, follow these steps:
1. Don't remove burnt clothing. However, do make sure the victim is no longer in contact with smoldering materials or exposed to smoke or heat.
2. Don't immerse severe large burns in cold water. Doing so could cause shock.
3. Check for signs of circulation (breathing, coughing or movement). If there is no breathing or other sign of circulation, begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
4. Cover the area of the burn. Use a cool, moist, sterile bandage; clean, moist cloth; or moist towels.

对于严重烫伤，应马上拨打急救电话。在救护车到来之前，采取如下步骤：
1、不要除去烧坏的衣物。但是，要确定受害者不再与仍在燃烧的物质接触，或者暴露在烟雾和热浪之中。
2、不要把严重烫伤的部位浸到水里。这样做可能会导致休克。
3、观察身体循环征兆（呼吸、咳嗽或移动）。如果没有呼吸或其它身体循环的征兆，开始进行心肺复苏术。
4、将烫伤区域盖上。使用凉的、湿的、消过毒的纱布；干净的、湿的布；或者湿毛巾。

RELATED相关链接
 Chemical burns: First aid 化学物质灼伤
 Electrical burns: First aid 电灼伤
 Sunburn: First aid 晒伤

匿名 *发表于 2007-3-29 17:07:15* · 发表于 2007-3-29 17:07:15

Burns: First aid（烧伤） 
 
To distinguish a minor burn from a serious burn, the first step is to determine the degree and the extent of damage to body tissues. The three classifications of first-degree burn, second-degree burn and third-degree burn will help you determine emergency care: 
 
为了区别是轻微烧伤还是严重烧伤，第一步是判断烫伤级别和损害身体组织的程度。关于烧伤的三种分度，即一度烧伤，二度烧伤和三度烧伤能帮助你决定采用哪种紧急处理方式。 
 
First-degree burn 
The least serious burns are those in which only the outer layer of skin (epidermis) is burned. The skin is usually red, with swelling and pain sometimes present. The outer layer of skin hasn't been burned through. Treat a first-degree burn as a minor burn unless it involves substantial portions of the hands, feet, face, groin or buttocks, or a major joint. 
 
一度烧伤 
这是受伤程度最轻的一种，仅只有外层皮肤（上皮）被烫伤。皮肤呈红色，有时会肿痛。外层皮肤并没被伤透。除非是手、足、脸、腹股沟或臀部的主要部位烧伤，或者主要关节处烧伤，可以把一级烧伤当成轻微烧伤对待。 
 
Second-degree burn 
When the first layer of skin has been burned through and the second layer of skin (dermis) also is burned, the injury is termed a second-degree burn. Blisters develop and the skin takes on an intensely reddened, splotchy appearance. Second-degree burns produce severe pain and swelling. 
If the second-degree burn is no larger than 2 to 3 inches in diameter, treat it as a minor burn. If the burned area is larger or if the burn is on the hands, feet, face, groin or buttocks, or over a major joint, get medical help immediately. 
 
二度烧伤 
当皮肤的第一层被彻底烧伤，而且皮肤的第二层（真皮）也被烧伤，则构成二度烧伤。有水泡产生，皮肤呈深红，斑驳状。二度烧伤有肿胀和剧痛。如果二度烧伤直径不超过2到3英寸，作为轻微烧伤处理。如果烧伤区域比较大，或者位置是在手、足、脸、腹股沟或臀部，或者主要关节处烫伤，要立即去寻求医疗救助。 
 
For minor burns, including second-degree burns limited to an area no larger than 2 to 3 inches in diameter, take the following action: 
 
对于轻微烧伤，包括二度烧伤（烧伤直径小于2-3英寸），可以采取如下措施： 
 Cool the burn. Hold the burned area under cold running water for at least 5 minutes, or until the pain subsides. If this is impractical, immerse the burn in cold water or cool it with cold compresses. Cooling the burn reduces swelling by conducting heat away from the skin. Don't put ice on the burn. 
 
 冷却烧伤。将烧伤部位放到流动的冷水下，至少五分钟，或者直到疼痛缓解。如果没有条件，可浸入到冷水中，或者使用冷敷。冷却烧伤能通过带走皮肤热量而减少肿胀。注意不要把冰块放在烧伤处。 
 
 Cover the burn with a sterile gauze bandage. Don't use fluffy cotton, which may irritate the skin. Wrap the gauze loosely to avoid putting pressure on burned skin. Bandaging keeps air off the burned skin, reduces pain and protects blistered skin. 
 
 将烧伤处包上消毒纱布。不要使用有绒毛的棉花，这可能会刺激皮肤。较松地包扎以避免给烧伤皮肤施加压力。纱布能将烧伤皮肤与空气隔离，减少疼痛，保护起泡的皮肤。 
 
 Take an over-the-counter pain reliever. These include aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others), naproxen (Aleve) or acetaminophen (Tylenol, others). Never give aspirin to children or teenagers. 
 
 服用标有OTC字样的止痛药。包括阿斯匹林，布洛芬（Advil, Motrin, others）, 萘普生（Aleve） or 对乙氨基酚 (泰诺止痛片等)。不要给小孩子或青少年服用阿斯匹林。 
 
Minor burns usually heal without further treatment. They may heal with pigment changes, meaning the healed area may be a different color from the surrounding skin. Watch for signs of infection, such as increased pain, redness, fever, swelling or oozing. If infection develops, seek medical help. Avoid re-injuring or tanning if the burns are less than a year old — doing so may cause more extensive pigmentation changes. Use sunscreen on the area for at least a year. 
 
轻微烧伤通常不用进一步的治疗就能愈合。它们在愈合的时候会发生色素的变化，即愈合区的颜色与周围的皮肤颜色会有些差异。观察有没有感染现象，比如疼痛加剧，发红，发热，肿胀或渗液。如果发生了感染，要寻求医疗救治。如果烧伤（愈合）少于一年时间，要避免伤口再度受伤或晒伤——这样会造成较重的色素沉积。在（烫伤愈合）区域使用防晒霜，至少一年。 
 
Caution 
 Don't use ice. Putting ice directly on a burn can cause frostbite, further damaging your skin. 
 Don't break blisters. Broken blisters are vulnerable to infection. 
 
注意事项 
不要使用冰块。直接在烫伤部位放冰块会造成冻伤，进一步损害你的皮肤。 
不要弄破水泡。水泡弄破后会易于感染。 
 
Third-degree burn 
The most serious burns are painless and involve all layers of the skin. Fat, muscle and even bone may be affected. Areas may be charred black or appear dry and white. Difficulty inhaling and exhaling, carbon monoxide poisoning or other toxic effects may occur if smoke inhalation accompanies the burn. 
 
三度烧伤 
最严重的烧伤反而不痛，包括皮肤的所有层都受损。脂肪，肌肉，甚至骨头都可能受到影响。烧伤区域可能被烧焦或者看起来又干又白。如果烧伤伴随吸入烟雾可能还有呼吸困难，一氧化碳中毒或其它中毒现象。 
 
For major burns, dial 911 or call for emergency medical assistance. Until an emergency unit arrives, follow these steps: 
1. Don't remove burnt clothing. However, do make sure the victim is no longer in contact with smoldering materials or exposed to smoke or heat. 
2. Don't immerse severe large burns in cold water. Doing so could cause shock. 
3. Check for signs of circulation (breathing, coughing or movement). If there is no breathing or other sign of circulation, begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). 
4. Cover the area of the burn. Use a cool, moist, sterile bandage; clean, moist cloth; or moist towels. 
 
 
对于严重烧伤，应马上拨打急救电话。在救护车到来之前，采取如下步骤： 
1、不要除去烧坏的衣物。但是，要确定受害者不再与仍在燃烧的物质接触，或者暴露在烟雾和热浪之中。 
2、不要把严重烫伤的部位浸到水里。这样做可能会导致休克。 
3、观察身体循环征兆（呼吸、咳嗽或移动）。如果没有呼吸或其它身体循环的征兆，开始进行心肺复苏术。 
4、将烫伤区域盖上。使用凉的、湿的、消过毒的纱布；干净的、湿的布；或者湿毛巾。 
 
RELATED相关链接 
 Chemical burns: First aid 化学物质灼伤 
 Electrical burns: First aid 电灼伤 
 Sunburn: First aid 晒伤

小光- · 发表于 2007-3-29 17:08:37

Burns: First aid（烧伤） To distinguish a minor burn from a serious burn, the first step is to determine the degree and the extent of damage to body tissues. The three classifications of first-degree burn, second-degree burn and third-degree burn will help you determine emergency care: 
为了区别是轻微烧伤还是严重烧伤，第一步是判断烧伤级别和损害身体组织的程度。关于烧伤的三种分度，即一度烧伤，二度烧伤和三度烧伤能帮助你决定采用哪种紧急处理方式。 
First-degree burn The least serious burns are those in which only the outer layer of skin (epidermis) is burned. The skin is usually red, with swelling and pain sometimes present. The outer layer of skin hasn't been burned through. Treat a first-degree burn as a minor burn unless it involves substantial portions of the hands, feet, face, groin or buttocks, or a major joint. 
一度烧伤这是受伤程度最轻的一种，仅只有外层皮肤（上皮）被烧伤。皮肤呈红色，有时会肿痛。外层皮肤并没被伤透。除非是手、足、脸、腹股沟或臀部的主要部位烧伤，或者主要关节处烧伤，可以把一级烧伤当成轻微烧伤对待。 
Second-degree burn When the first layer of skin has been burned through and the second layer of skin (dermis) also is burned, the injury is termed a second-degree burn. Blisters develop and the skin takes on an intensely reddened, splotchy appearance. Second-degree burns produce severe pain and swelling. If the second-degree burn is no larger than 2 to 3 inches in diameter, treat it as a minor burn. If the burned area is larger or if the burn is on the hands, feet, face, groin or buttocks, or over a major joint, get medical help immediately. 
二度烧伤当皮肤的第一层被彻底烧伤，而且皮肤的第二层（真皮）也被烧伤，则构成二度烧伤。有水泡产生，皮肤呈深红，斑驳状。二度烧伤有肿胀和剧痛。如果二度烧伤直径不超过2到3英寸，作为轻微烧伤处理。如果烧伤区域比较大，或者位置是在手、足、脸、腹股沟或臀部，或者主要关节处烧伤，要立即去寻求医疗救助。 
For minor burns, including second-degree burns limited to an area no larger than 2 to 3 inches in diameter, take the following action: 
对于轻微烧伤，包括二度烧伤（烧伤直径小于2-3英寸），可以采取如下措施： 
Cool the burn. Hold the burned area under cold running water for at least 5 minutes, or until the pain subsides. If this is impractical, immerse the burn in cold water or cool it with cold compresses. Cooling the burn reduces swelling by conducting heat away from the skin. Don't put ice on the burn.  
冷却烧伤。将烧伤部位放到流动的冷水下，至少五分钟，或者直到疼痛缓解。如果没有条件，可浸入到冷水中，或者使用冷敷。冷却烧伤能通过带走皮肤热量而减少肿胀。注意不要把冰块放在烧伤处。  
Cover the burn with a sterile gauze bandage. Don't use fluffy cotton, which may irritate the skin. Wrap the gauze loosely to avoid putting pressure on burned skin. Bandaging keeps air off the burned skin, reduces pain and protects blistered skin.  
将烧伤处包上消毒纱布。不要使用有绒毛的棉花，这可能会刺激皮肤。较松地包扎以避免给烧伤皮肤施加压力。纱布能将烧伤皮肤与空气隔离，减少疼痛，保护起泡的皮肤。  
Take an over-the-counter pain reliever. These include aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others), naproxen (Aleve) or acetaminophen (Tylenol, others). Never give aspirin to children or teenagers.  
服用标有OTC字样的止痛药。包括阿斯匹林，布洛芬（Advil, Motrin, others）, 萘普生（Aleve） or 对乙氨基酚 (泰诺止痛片等)。不要给小孩子或青少年服用阿斯匹林。 
Minor burns usually heal without further treatment. They may heal with pigment changes, meaning the healed area may be a different color from the surrounding skin. Watch for signs of infection, such as increased pain, redness, fever, swelling or oozing. If infection develops, seek medical help. Avoid re-injuring or tanning if the burns are less than a year old — doing so may cause more extensive pigmentation changes. Use sunscreen on the area for at least a year. 
轻微烧伤通常不用进一步的治疗就能愈合。它们在愈合的时候会发生色素的变化，即愈合区的颜色与周围的皮肤颜色会有些差异。观察有没有感染现象，比如疼痛加剧，发红，发热，肿胀或渗液。如果发生了感染，要寻求医疗救治。如果烧伤（愈合）少于一年时间，要避免伤口再度受伤或晒伤——这样会造成较重的色素沉积。在（烫伤愈合）区域使用防晒霜，至少一年。 
Caution  Don't use ice. Putting ice directly on a burn can cause frostbite, further damaging your skin.  Don't break blisters. Broken blisters are vulnerable to infection. 
注意事项不要使用冰块。直接在烫伤部位放冰块会造成冻伤，进一步损害你的皮肤。不要弄破水泡。水泡弄破后会易于感染。 
Third-degree burn The most serious burns are painless and involve all layers of the skin. Fat, muscle and even bone may be affected. Areas may be charred black or appear dry and white. Difficulty inhaling and exhaling, carbon monoxide poisoning or other toxic effects may occur if smoke inhalation accompanies the burn. 
三度烧伤是最严重的烧伤反而不痛，包括皮肤的所有层都受损。脂肪，肌肉，甚至骨头都可能受到影响。烧伤区域可能被烧焦或者看起来又干又白。如果烧伤伴随吸入烟雾可能还有呼吸困难，一氧化碳中毒或其它中毒现象。 
For major burns, dial 911 or call for emergency medical assistance. Until an emergency unit arrives, follow these steps: 1. Don't remove burnt clothing. However, do make sure the victim is no longer in contact with smoldering materials or exposed to smoke or heat. 2. Don't immerse severe large burns in cold water. Doing so could cause shock. 3. Check for signs of circulation (breathing, coughing or movement). If there is no breathing or other sign of circulation, begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). 4. Cover the area of the burn. Use a cool, moist, sterile bandage; clean, moist cloth; or moist towels. 
对于严重烧伤，应马上拨打急救电话。在救护车到来之前，采取如下步骤： 1、不要除去烧坏的衣物。但是，要确定受害者不再与仍在燃烧的物质接触，或者暴露在烟雾和热浪之中。 2、不要把严重烫伤的部位浸到水里。这样做可能会导致休克。 3、观察身体循环征兆（呼吸、咳嗽或移动）。如果没有呼吸或其它身体循环的征兆，开始进行心肺复苏术。 4、将烫伤区域盖上。使用凉的、湿的、消过毒的纱布；干净的、湿的布；或者湿毛巾。 
RELATED相关链接 Chemical burns: First aid 化学物质灼伤 Electrical burns: First aid 电灼伤 Sunburn: First aid 晒伤

阿今 · 发表于 2007-3-30 11:12:24

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): First aid（心肺复苏术）

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a lifesaving technique useful in many emergencies, including heart attack or near drowning, in which someone's breathing or heartbeat has stopped. CPR involves a combination of mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing and chest compression that keeps oxygenated blood flowing to the brain and other vital organs until more definitive medical treatment can restore a normal heart rhythm.

在许多急救中，包括心脏病发作或溺水，在病人呼吸或心脏停止的情况下，心肺复苏术是一种救治生命的技巧。心脏复苏术包括了嘴对嘴人工呼吸和胸部按压，以保持含氧的血液流向脑部和其它重要器官，直到最后医疗救治使正常心跳恢复。

When the heart stops, the absence of oxygenated blood can cause irreparable brain damage in only a few minutes. Death will occur within eight to 10 minutes. Time is critical when you're helping an unconscious person who isn't breathing.

当心跳停止，含氧血液的缺乏能在几分钟之内造成大脑不可逆转的损害。8到10分钟内造成死亡。当你正在救助一名丧失意识并没有呼吸的病人时，时间是关键因素。

To learn CPR properly, take an accredited first-aid training course, including CPR and how to use an automated external defibrillator (AED).

正确学习心肺复功术，要参加正规的急救训练课程，包括心肺复功术和怎样使用自动体外心脏除颤器（AED）。

Before you begin
Assess the situation before starting CPR:
 Is the person conscious or unconscious?
 If the person appears unconscious, tap or shake his or her shoulder and ask loudly, "Are you OK?"
 If the person doesn't respond, call 911 (or your local emergency number), or have someone else do it. But if you're alone and the victim is an infant or a child age 1 to 8 who needs CPR, perform two minutes of CPR before calling for help.

在开始进行心肺复苏术之前，评估情势：
病人是否有意识？
如果病人看起来没有意识，轻拍或摇动病人的肩膀，并大声询问：“你还好吗？”
如果病人没有反应，打紧急救援电话。但是如果现场只有你一个人，或者需要进行心肺复苏的病人是婴儿或1-8岁的儿童，那么先进行两分种的心肺复苏，然后再打救援电话。

Remember the ABCs
Airway, Breathing and Circulation ― to remember the steps explained below.
切记A、B、C的顺序：
即呼吸通道（Airway）, 呼吸（Breathing）和血液循环（Circulation）――记住如下步骤。

AIRWAY: Clear the airway
1. Put the person on his or her back on a firm surface.
2. Kneel next to the person's neck and shoulders.
3. Open the person's airway using the head tilt-chin lift. Put your palm on the person's forehead and gently push down. Then with the other hand, gently lift the chin forward to open the airway.
4. Check for normal breathing, taking no more than 10 seconds: Look for chest motion, listen for breath sounds, and feel for the person's breath on your cheek and ear. Do not consider gasping to be normal breathing. If the person isn't breathing normally or you aren't sure, begin mouth-to-mouth breathing.

清理呼吸通道：
1、让病人仰卧在一个坚固的表面上。
2、跪在病人的脖子和肩旁。
3、采用仰头提颏法(head tilt-chin lift)，打开病人的呼吸道。将你的手掌放在病人前额，并轻轻向下推。然后用另一只手，轻轻向上抬颏部，以打开气道。
注：仰头提颏法(head tilt-chin lift)　用一手将病人的头向后仰,置另一只手的手指于下颌骨缘下面,将颏部提向前(垂直向上)直至上下牙齿几乎合拢,但小心避免完全闭合口腔
4、检查病人是否有正常呼吸，不超过10秒：观察胸部的运动，听呼吸的声音，用你的脸颊和耳朵去感觉病人的呼吸。不要把喘气当成正常呼吸。如果病人没有正常呼吸，或者你不确定他是否正常呼吸，开始做嘴对嘴的人工呼吸。

BREATHING: Breathe for the person
Rescue breathing can be mouth-to-mouth breathing or mouth-to-nose breathing if the mouth is seriously injured or can't be opened.
1. With the airway open (using the head tilt-chin lift), pinch the nostrils shut for mouth-to-mouth breathing and cover the person's mouth with yours, making a seal.
2. Prepare to give two rescue breaths. Give the first rescue breath ― lasting one second ― and watch to see if the chest rises. If it does rise, give the second breath. If the chest doesn't rise, repeat the head tilt-chin lift and then give the second breath.
3. Begin chest compressions ― go to "CIRCULATION" below.

为病人做人工呼吸：
人工呼吸可以有嘴对嘴的形式，或者在嘴受到严重伤害或不能打开的情况下，可以采取嘴对鼻的形式。
1、采用仰头提颏法(head tilt-chin lift)，打开病人的呼吸道，如果是进行嘴对嘴的人工呼吸，捏住病人的鼻子，然后用你的嘴封住病人的嘴。
2、准备进行两次人工呼吸。第一次人工呼吸――持续一秒钟――看病人胸部是否上升。如果胸部上升，则进行第二次人工呼吸。如果胸部没有上升，重新对病人做仰头提颏(head tilt-chin lift)，然后开始第二次人工呼吸。
3、开始按压胸部――进行如下“血液循环”步骤。

CIRCULATION: Restore blood circulation
1. Place the heel of one hand over the center of the person's chest, between the nipples. Place your other hand on top of the first hand. Keep your elbows straight and position your shoulders directly above your hands.
2. Use your upper body weight (not just your arms) as you push straight down on (compress) the chest 1 1/2 to 2 inches. Push hard and push fast ― give two compressions per second, or about 100 compressions per minute.
3. After 30 compressions, tilt the head back and lift the chin up to open the airway. Prepare to give two rescue breaths. Pinch the nose shut and breathe into the mouth for one second. If the chest rises, give a second rescue breath. If the chest doesn’t rise, repeat the head tilt-chin lift and then give the second rescue breath. That's one cycle. If someone else is available, ask that person to give two breaths after you do 30 compressions.
4. If the person has not begun moving after five cycles (about two minutes) and an automated external defibrillator (AED) is available, open the kit and follow the prompts. If you're not trained to use an AED, a 911 operator may be able to guide you in its use. Trained staff at many public places are also able to provide and use an AED. Use pediatric pads, if available, for children ages 1 to 8. If pediatric pads aren't available, use adult pads. Do not use an AED for infants younger than age 1. If an AED isn't available, go to Number 5 below.
5. Continue CPR until there are signs of movement or until emergency medical personnel take over.

恢复血液循环：
1、将一个手的掌根放在病人胸部双乳之间，另一只手叠在第一只手上。你的手肘伸直，保持肩部在手的正上方。
2、用你的上身重量（不仅是手臂）向下直压病人胸部，使其下沉1.5―2英寸。用力而且快速下压――每秒两次或者一分钟约100次。
3、按压30次后，采用仰头提颏，打开病人的呼吸道，准备进行两次人工呼吸。捏紧病人鼻子，嘴对嘴人工呼吸持续一秒钟。如果胸部上升，则进行第二次人工呼吸。如果胸部没有上升，重新对病人做仰头提颏(head tilt-chin lift)，然后开始第二次人工呼吸。这是一次抢救周期。如果其他人也可以做，就在你每做30次胸部按压之后做两次人工呼吸。
4、如果病人经过5次抢救周期（约两分种）之后仍没有活动，如果有自动体外心脏除颤器（AED）可以使用，则按照料机器的示使用。如果你未受过如何使用AED，紧急救援电话可以指引你如何使用。受过训练的公共机构工作人员也可以提供和使用AED。对待儿童尽量使用小儿心脏除颤垫，如果没有的话，则使用成人的心脏除颤垫。不要对小于1岁的婴儿使用AED。如果没有AED可用，则按以下步骤进行。
5、持续进行心肺复苏术，直到病人有活动的迹象，或者直到有医疗急救人员接管病人。

注：自动体外心脏除颤器（automated external defibrillator, AED）是一种笔记本电脑大小可以分析和记录心脏节律的计算机化装置，当该装置识别出心脏异常节律时可以自动释放一定标准的电流来使心脏复律，帮助心脏恢复正常的窦性心律。它通过粘附于患者胸前的体外两个电极，自动感知分析心脏的节律，通过声音来提示操作[5]。如果需要可重复多次进行除颤。由于其操作简便，携带方便，经过简单的心肺复苏和心脏复律知识的培训，一般人均可操作。这使AED的普及成为可能。因此西方一些发达国家特别是美国，在一些公司、购物中心、机场、体育馆、学校及其他一些公共场所均设置有AED，这些地方通常是心脏骤停事件的高发区。而我国在急救措施――生存链上还有待进一步完善，特别是在尽早进行心肺复苏、尽早进行复律治疗这两个环节上。前不久在北京国际马拉松比赛中曾出现我国两位业余运动员先后在比赛中猝死，猝死的原因最大可能为心源性，我国每年经临床证实心脏猝死发生率约在0. 36 ‰ ～1. 28 ‰之间[6]。当时围观的群众手足无措，缺乏必要的心肺复苏和心脏复律知识，错过了最佳的心肺复苏时间。如果当时围观群众具有心肺复苏和心脏复律知识，而且事发附近有AED，这两位运动员存活的可能性大大增加。而现阶段我国的现状是AED还处于刚刚引进阶段，还没有开始普及。这就对急救措施――生存链的实施带来了一定困难，需要认识、了解和使用AED。
　　与临床使用的直流电心脏除颤器相比AED有以下特点：
　　1．重量轻，携带方便。2．应用简便，安全，有效。3．自动分析心脏的节律。4．可以提示是否需要除颤。5．指导使用者一步步操作。6．自动检测操作程序。7．及时提示救援人员进行心肺复苏。
　　使用AED 七个基本步骤：
　　1．检查患者的意识和反应。2．拨打急救电话和就近寻找AED。3．检查患者呼吸，如果无呼吸给以人工呼吸。4．检查患者脉搏，如果没有脉搏打开 AED，同时另外一营救者应持续进行心肺复苏。5．在正确部位粘附AED 电极。（现有的各种型号AED仅适用于没有呼吸和脉搏、年龄>8岁、体重>30公斤的患者）6．分析心脏节律，确信无人接触患者。　7．根据AED的提示按下放电按钮。第一次放电结束后，AED会再次分析心脏节律提示是否进行下一次操作。
　　因为其相对简单的操作步骤，接受AED培训的人员通常为：警察、消防队员、保安、已经接受过心肺复苏培训的人员、志愿者和行业服务人员等。AED的销售要有专业医师的指导和处方。

以下是如何对儿童和婴儿进行心肺复苏术（主要不同是动作要更轻柔，如对儿童只用一只手，对婴儿只用两根手指按压胸部，人工呼吸时要轻柔，不要晃动婴儿，注意清理嘴中异物，抢救要更及时等等），有兴趣的朋友自己看看吧。
To perform CPR on a child:
The procedure for giving CPR to a child age 1 through 8 is essentially the same as that for an adult. The differences are as follows:
 Perform five cycles of compressions and breaths on the child ― this should take about two minutes ― before calling 911 or the local emergency number, unless someone else can call while you attend to the child.
 Use only one hand to perform heart compressions.
 Breathe more gently.
 Use the same compression/breath rate as is used for adults: 30 compressions followed by two breaths. This is one cycle. Following the two breaths, immediately begin the next cycle of compressions and breaths. Continue until the victim moves or help arrives.
To perform CPR on a baby:
Most cardiac arrests in infants occur from lack of oxygen, such as from drowning or choking. If you know the infant has an airway obstruction, perform first aid for choking. If you don't know why the infant isn't breathing, perform CPR.
To begin, assess the situation. Stroke the baby and watch for a response, such as movement, but don't shake the child.
If there's no response, follow the ABC procedures below and time the call for help as follows:
 If you're the only rescuer and CPR is needed, do CPR for two minutes ― about five cycles ― before calling 911 or your local emergency number.
 If another person is available, have that person call for help immediately while you attend to the baby.
AIRWAY: Clear the airway
1. Place the baby on his or her back on firm, flat surface, such as a table. The floor or ground also will do.
2. Gently tip the head back by lifting the chin with one hand and pushing down on the forehead with the other hand.
3. In no more than 10 seconds, put your ear near the baby's mouth and check for breathing: Look for chest motion, listen for breath sounds, and feel for breath on your cheek and ear.
If the infant isn't breathing, begin mouth-to-mouth breathing immediately.
BREATHING: Breathe for the infant
1. Cover the baby's mouth and nose with your mouth.
2. Prepare to give two rescue breaths. Use the strength of your cheeks to deliver gentle puffs of air (instead of deep breaths from your lungs) to slowly breathe into the baby's mouth one time, taking one second for the breath. Watch to see if the baby's chest rises. If it does, give a second rescue breath. If the chest does not rise, repeat the head tilt-chin lift and then give the second breath.
3. If the chest still doesn't rise, examine the mouth to make sure no foreign material is inside. If the object is seen, sweep it out with your finger. If the airway seems blocked, perform first aid for a choking infant.
4. Begin chest compressions ― go to "CIRCULATION" below.
CIRCULATION: Restore blood circulation
1. Imagine a horizontal line drawn between the baby's nipples. Place two fingers of one hand just below this line, in the center of the chest.
2. Gently compress the chest to about one-third to one-half the depth of the chest.
3. Count aloud as you pump in a fairly rapid rhythm. You should pump at a rate of about 100 times a minute.
4. Give two breaths after every 30 chest compressions.
5. Perform CPR for about two minutes before calling for help unless someone else can make the call while you attend to the baby.
6. Continue CPR until you see signs of life or until a professional relieves you.

RELATED相关链接
 Choking: First aid 休克
 Foreign object inhaled: First aid 异物吸入
Web Resources相关网络资源
 American Red Cross www.redcross.org
 American Heart Association www.americanheart.org

阿今 · 发表于 2007-3-30 11:14:48

附件: <hr size="1" noshade="noshade" /> <img src="/image/filetypes/gif.gif" alt="gif" />  仰头提颏法(head tilt-chin lift).gif <img src='/uploads/newbb/76557_460c80a8bf46b.gif' alt="绿野户外网" />

小光- · 发表于 2007-4-1 23:25:32

<div class="comText">Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): First aid（心肺复苏术） 
 
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a lifesaving technique useful in many emergencies, including heart attack or near drowning, in which someone's breathing or heartbeat has stopped. CPR involves a combination of mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing and chest compression that keeps oxygenated blood flowing to the brain and other vital organs until more definitive medical treatment can restore a normal heart rhythm. 
 
在许多急救中，包括心脏病发作或溺水，在病人呼吸或心脏停止的情况下，心肺复苏术是一种救治生命的技巧。心脏复苏术包括了嘴对嘴人工呼吸和胸部按压，以保持含氧的血液流向脑部和其它重要器官，直到最后正规的医疗救治使正常心跳恢复。 
 
When the heart stops, the absence of oxygenated blood can cause irreparable brain damage in only a few minutes. Death will occur within eight to 10 minutes. Time is critical when you're helping an unconscious person who isn't breathing. 
 
当心跳停止，含氧血液的缺乏能在几分钟之内造成大脑不可逆转的损害。8到10分钟内造成死亡。当你正在救助一名丧失意识并没有呼吸的病人时，时间是关键因素。 
 
To learn CPR properly, take an accredited first-aid training course, including CPR and how to use an automated external defibrillator (AED). 
 
正确学习心肺复功术，要参加正规的急救训练课程，包括心肺复功术和怎样使用自动体外心脏除颤器（AED）。 
 
Before you begin 
Assess the situation before starting CPR: 
 Is the person conscious or unconscious? 
 If the person appears unconscious, tap or shake his or her shoulder and ask loudly, "Are you OK?" 
 If the person doesn't respond, call 911 (or your local emergency number), or have someone else do it. But if you're alone and the victim is an infant or a child age 1 to 8 who needs CPR, perform two minutes of CPR before calling for help. 
 
在开始进行心肺复苏术之前，评估情势： 
病人是否有意识？ 
如果病人看起来没有意识，轻拍或摇动病人的肩膀，并大声询问：“你还好吗？” 
如果病人没有反应，打紧急救援电话。但是如果现场只有你一个人，或者需要进行心肺复苏的病人是婴儿或1-8岁的儿童，那么先进行两分种的心肺复苏，然后再打救援电话。 
 
Remember the ABCs 
Airway, Breathing and Circulation — to remember the steps explained below. 
切记A、B、C的顺序： 
即呼吸通道（Airway）, 呼吸（Breathing）和血液循环（Circulation）——记住如下步骤。 
 
AIRWAY: Clear the airway 
1. Put the person on his or her back on a firm surface. 
2. Kneel next to the person's neck and shoulders. 
3. Open the person's airway using the head tilt-chin lift. Put your palm on the person's forehead and gently push down. Then with the other hand, gently lift the chin forward to open the airway. 
4. Check for normal breathing, taking no more than 10 seconds: Look for chest motion, listen for breath sounds, and feel for the person's breath on your cheek and ear. Do not consider gasping to be normal breathing. If the person isn't breathing normally or you aren't sure, begin mouth-to-mouth breathing. 
 
清理呼吸通道： 
1、让病人仰卧在一个坚固的表面上。 
2、跪在病人的脖子和肩旁。 
3、采用仰头提颏法(head tilt-chin lift)，打开病人的呼吸道。将你的手掌放在病人前额，并轻轻向下推。然后用另一只手，轻轻向上抬颏部，以打开气道。 
注：仰头提颏法(head tilt-chin lift)　用一手将病人的头向后仰,置另一只手的手指于下颌骨缘下面,将颏部提向前(垂直向上)直至上下牙齿几乎合拢,但小心避免完全闭合口腔 
4、检查病人是否有正常呼吸，不超过10秒：观察胸部的运动，听呼吸的声音，用你的脸颊和耳朵去感觉病人的呼吸。不要把喘气当成正常呼吸。如果病人没有正常呼吸，或者你不确定他是否正常呼吸，开始做嘴对嘴的人工呼吸。 
 
BREATHING: Breathe for the person 
Rescue breathing can be mouth-to-mouth breathing or mouth-to-nose breathing if the mouth is seriously injured or can't be opened. 
1. With the airway open (using the head tilt-chin lift), pinch the nostrils shut for mouth-to-mouth breathing and cover the person's mouth with yours, making a seal. 
2. Prepare to give two rescue breaths. Give the first rescue breath — lasting one second — and watch to see if the chest rises. If it does rise, give the second breath. If the chest doesn't rise, repeat the head tilt-chin lift and then give the second breath. 
3. Begin chest compressions — go to "CIRCULATION" below. 
 
为病人做人工呼吸： 
人工呼吸可以有嘴对嘴的形式，或者在嘴受到严重伤害或不能打开的情况下，可以采取嘴对鼻的形式。 
1、采用仰头提颏法(head tilt-chin lift)，打开病人的呼吸道，如果是进行嘴对嘴的人工呼吸，捏住病人的鼻子，然后用你的嘴封住病人的嘴。 
2、准备进行两次人工呼吸。第一次人工呼吸——持续一秒钟——看病人胸部是否上升。如果胸部上升，则进行第二次人工呼吸。如果胸部没有上升，重新对病人做仰头提颏(head tilt-chin lift)，然后开始第二次人工呼吸。 
3、开始按压胸部——进行如下“血液循环”步骤。 
 
CIRCULATION: Restore blood circulation 
1. Place the heel of one hand over the center of the person's chest, between the nipples. Place your other hand on top of the first hand. Keep your elbows straight and position your shoulders directly above your hands. 
2. Use your upper body weight (not just your arms) as you push straight down on (compress) the chest 1 1/2 to 2 inches. Push hard and push fast — give two compressions per second, or about 100 compressions per minute. 
3. After 30 compressions, tilt the head back and lift the chin up to open the airway. Prepare to give two rescue breaths. Pinch the nose shut and breathe into the mouth for one second. If the chest rises, give a second rescue breath. If the chest doesn’t rise, repeat the head tilt-chin lift and then give the second rescue breath. That's one cycle. If someone else is available, ask that person to give two breaths after you do 30 compressions. 
4. If the person has not begun moving after five cycles (about two minutes) and an automated external defibrillator (AED) is available, open the kit and follow the prompts. If you're not trained to use an AED, a 911 operator may be able to guide you in its use. Trained staff at many public places are also able to provide and use an AED. Use pediatric pads, if available, for children ages 1 to 8. If pediatric pads aren't available, use adult pads. Do not use an AED for infants younger than age 1. If an AED isn't available, go to Number 5 below. 
5. Continue CPR until there are signs of movement or until emergency medical personnel take over. 
 
恢复血液循环： 
1、将一个手的掌根放在病人胸部双乳之间，另一只手叠在第一只手上。你的手肘伸直，保持肩部在手的正上方。 
2、用你的上身重量（不仅是手臂）向下直压病人胸部，使其下沉1.5—2英寸。用力而且快速下压——每秒两次或者一分钟约100次。 
3、按压30次后，采用仰头提颏，打开病人的呼吸道，准备进行两次人工呼吸。捏紧病人鼻子，嘴对嘴人工呼吸持续一秒钟。如果胸部上升，则进行第二次人工呼吸。如果胸部没有上升，重新对病人做仰头提颏(head tilt-chin lift)，然后开始第二次人工呼吸。这是一次抢救周期。如果其他人在场，就两人配合，在你每做30次胸部按压之后，另一个人做两次人工呼吸，如此循环。 
4、如果病人经过5次抢救周期（约两分种）之后仍没有活动，如果有自动体外心脏除颤器（AED）可以使用，则按照机器的说明使用。如果你未受过如何使用AED，紧急救援电话可能指引你如何使用。受过训练的公共机构工作人员也可以提供和使用AED。对待1-8岁的儿童尽量使用小儿心脏除颤垫，如果没有的话，则使用成人的心脏除颤垫。不要对1岁以下的婴儿使用AED。如果没有AED可用，则按以下步骤进行。 
5、持续进行心肺复苏术，直到病人有活动的迹象，或者直到有医疗急救人员接管病人。 
 
注：自动体外心脏除颤器（automated external defibrillator, AED）是一种笔记本电脑大小可以分析和记录心脏节律的计算机化装置，当该装置识别出心脏异常节律时可以自动释放一定标准的电流来使心脏复律，帮助心脏恢复正常的窦性心律。它通过粘附于患者胸前的体外两个电极，自动感知分析心脏的节律，通过声音来提示操作[5]。如果需要可重复多次进行除颤。由于其操作简便，携带方便，经过简单的心肺复苏和心脏复律知识的培训，一般人均可操作。这使AED的普及成为可能。因此西方一些发达国家特别是美国，在一些公司、购物中心、机场、体育馆、学校及其他一些公共场所均设置有AED，这些地方通常是心脏骤停事件的高发区。而我国在急救措施——生存链上还有待进一步完善，特别是在尽早进行心肺复苏、尽早进行复律治疗这两个环节上。前不久在北京国际马拉松比赛中曾出现我国两位业余运动员先后在比赛中猝死，猝死的原因最大可能为心源性，我国每年经临床证实心脏猝死发生率约在0. 36 &permil; ～1. 28 &permil;之间[6]。当时围观的群众手足无措，缺乏必要的心肺复苏和心脏复律知识，错过了最佳的心肺复苏时间。如果当时围观群众具有心肺复苏和心脏复律知识，而且事发附近有AED，这两位运动员存活的可能性大大增加。而现阶段我国的现状是AED还处于刚刚引进阶段，还没有开始普及。这就对急救措施——生存链的实施带来了一定困难，需要认识、了解和使用AED。 
　　与临床使用的直流电心脏除颤器相比AED有以下特点： 
　　1．重量轻，携带方便。2．应用简便，安全，有效。3．自动分析心脏的节律。4．可以提示是否需要除颤。5．指导使用者一步步操作。6．自动检测操作程序。7．及时提示救援人员进行心肺复苏。 
　　使用AED 七个基本步骤： 
　　1．检查患者的意识和反应。2．拨打急救电话和就近寻找AED。3．检查患者呼吸，如果无呼吸给以人工呼吸。4．检查患者脉搏，如果没有脉搏打开 AED，同时另外一营救者应持续进行心肺复苏。5．在正确部位粘附AED 电极。（现有的各种型号AED仅适用于没有呼吸和脉搏、年龄>8岁、体重>30公斤的患者）6．分析心脏节律，确信无人接触患者。　7．根据AED的提示按下放电按钮。第一次放电结束后，AED会再次分析心脏节律提示是否进行下一次操作。 
　　因为其相对简单的操作步骤，接受AED培训的人员通常为：警察、消防队员、保安、已经接受过心肺复苏培训的人员、志愿者和行业服务人员等。AED的销售要有专业医师的指导和处方。 
 
以下是如何对儿童和婴儿进行心肺复苏术（主要不同是动作要更轻柔，如对儿童只用一只手，对婴儿只用两根手指按压胸部，人工呼吸时要轻柔，不要晃动婴儿，注意清理嘴中异物，抢救要更及时等等），有兴趣的朋友自己看看吧。</div>
<div class="comText"> 
To perform CPR on a child: 
The procedure for giving CPR to a child age 1 through 8 is essentially the same as that for an adult. The differences are as follows: 
 Perform five cycles of compressions and breaths on the child — this should take about two minutes — before calling 911 or the local emergency number, unless someone else can call while you attend to the child. 
 Use only one hand to perform heart compressions. 
 Breathe more gently. 
 Use the same compression/breath rate as is used for adults: 30 compressions followed by two breaths. This is one cycle. Following the two breaths, immediately begin the next cycle of compressions and breaths. Continue until the victim moves or help arrives. 
To perform CPR on a baby: 
Most cardiac arrests in infants occur from lack of oxygen, such as from drowning or choking. If you know the infant has an airway obstruction, perform first aid for choking. If you don't know why the infant isn't breathing, perform CPR. 
To begin, assess the situation. Stroke the baby and watch for a response, such as movement, but don't shake the child. 
If there's no response, follow the ABC procedures below and time the call for help as follows: 
 If you're the only rescuer and CPR is needed, do CPR for two minutes — about five cycles — before calling 911 or your local emergency number. 
 If another person is available, have that person call for help immediately while you attend to the baby. 
AIRWAY: Clear the airway 
1. Place the baby on his or her back on firm, flat surface, such as a table. The floor or ground also will do. 
2. Gently tip the head back by lifting the chin with one hand and pushing down on the forehead with the other hand. 
3. In no more than 10 seconds, put your ear near the baby's mouth and check for breathing: Look for chest motion, listen for breath sounds, and feel for breath on your cheek and ear. 
If the infant isn't breathing, begin mouth-to-mouth breathing immediately. 
BREATHING: Breathe for the infant 
1. Cover the baby's mouth and nose with your mouth. 
2. Prepare to give two rescue breaths. Use the strength of your cheeks to deliver gentle puffs of air (instead of deep breaths from your lungs) to slowly breathe into the baby's mouth one time, taking one second for the breath. Watch to see if the baby's chest rises. If it does, give a second rescue breath. If the chest does not rise, repeat the head tilt-chin lift and then give the second breath. 
3. If the chest still doesn't rise, examine the mouth to make sure no foreign material is inside. If the object is seen, sweep it out with your finger. If the airway seems blocked, perform first aid for a choking infant. 
4. Begin chest compressions — go to "CIRCULATION" below. 
CIRCULATION: Restore blood circulation 
1. Imagine a horizontal line drawn between the baby's nipples. Place two fingers of one hand just below this line, in the center of the chest. 
2. Gently compress the chest to about one-third to one-half the depth of the chest. 
3. Count aloud as you pump in a fairly rapid rhythm. You should pump at a rate of about 100 times a minute. 
4. Give two breaths after every 30 chest compressions. 
5. Perform CPR for about two minutes before calling for help unless someone else can make the call while you attend to the baby. 
6. Continue CPR until you see signs of life or until a professional relieves you. 
 
RELATED相关链接 
 Choking: First aid 休克 
 Foreign object inhaled: First aid 异物吸入 
Web Resources相关网络资源 
 American Red Cross <a target="_blank" href="http://www.redcross.org/">www.redcross.org</a> 
 American Heart Association <a target="_blank" href="http://www.americanheart.org/">www.americanheart.org</a></div>

小光- · 发表于 2007-4-1 23:43:05

小光- · 发表于 2007-4-1 23:44:51

阿今 · 发表于 2007-4-2 10:32:09

Chemical burns: First aid（化学烧伤）

If a chemical burns the skin, follow these steps:
1. Remove the cause of the burn by flushing the chemicals off the skin surface with cool, running water for 15 minutes or more. If the burning chemical is a powder-like substance such as lime, brush it off the skin before flushing.
2. Remove clothing or jewelry that has been contaminated by the chemical.
3. Wrap the burned area loosely with a dry, sterile dressing or a clean cloth.
Minor chemical burns usually heal without further treatment.

如果化学烧伤皮肤，采取以下步骤：
1、除去导致烧伤的化学物质，用凉的、流动的水冲洗皮肤表面的化学物质15分钟或者更多的时间。如果该化学物质是粉状物，如石灰，在用水冲洗之前，先把粉末掸掉。
2、脱掉衣物或摘掉首饰，避免与化学物质发生化学反应造成污染。
3、用一块干的、消过毒的纱布或一块干净布较松地包在烧伤区域。

轻微的化学烧伤通常不需要进一步的治疗便可愈合。

Seek emergency medical assistance if:
 The victim has signs of shock, such as fainting, pale complexion or breathing in a notably shallow manner.
 The chemical burn penetrated through the first layer of skin, and the resulting second-degree burn covers an area more than 2 to 3 inches in diameter.
 The chemical burn occurred on the eye, hands, feet, face, groin or buttocks, or over a major joint.

如果出现如下情况，寻求医疗急救：
病人有休克迹象，如昏倒，脸色苍白或呼吸很浅。
化学烧伤穿透了第一层皮肤，而且造成的二级烧伤处的直径大于2-3英寸。（注：1英寸=2.54厘米）
化学烧伤发生在眼睛、手、足、脸、腹股沟或臀部，或者主要的关节处。

If you're unsure whether a substance is toxic, call the poison control center at (800) 222-1222. If you seek emergency assistance, bring the chemical container or a complete description of the substance with you for identification.

如果你不确定物质是否有毒，打电话给有毒物质控制中心（800-222-1222，注：此处应为美国国内电话）。如果你求助于医疗急救，同时带上装有化学物品的容器，或者关于该物质的详细描述，以便确认是何种物质烧伤。

RELATED相关链接
 Burns: First aid 烧伤
 Electrical burns: First aid 电烧伤
 Sunburn: First aid 晒伤

MAYO CLINIC的急救指南（新增昆虫叮咬、蜇伤处理）

好贴，建议置顶，让大家长期学习

Burns: First aid（烫伤）

proofread

proofread: 烧伤

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): First aid（心肺复苏术）

仰头提颏法(head tilt-chin lift)图示

proofread

阿今，你说的提供远程急救咨询的医院没有，只能是在医院派出医疗救护的时候进行咨询

并且，通过电话咨询，效果应该不大，如黑牛所说

Chemical burns: First aid（化学烧伤）