MAYO CLINIC的急救指南（新增昆虫叮咬、蜇伤处理）

阿今

<div>MAYO CLINIC的急救指南</div>
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<div>译者注：</div>
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<div>以下资料摘自：<a href="http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/FirstAidIndex/FirstAidIndex">http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/FirstAidIndex/FirstAidIndex</a>（梅奥医疗中心网站急救专题&mdash;&mdash;百度的信息称：梅奥医疗中心被评为美国声望最佳医院之一，其网站<a href="http://www.mayoclinic.com">http://www.mayoclinic.com</a>　以大众健康知识教育为主旨，自95年上线以来在提供健康咨讯网站中多次获奖。）</div>
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<div>感谢梅奥医疗中心，谢谢bwca_mn的推荐网址。</div>
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<div>该指南共包括53种急救处理，本人计划利用业余时间在两个月内完成翻译，但因本人非专业人士，所有内容应以英文原稿为准，中文翻译仅供参考，错漏之处请方家指正。</div>
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<div>当然，如果有热心朋友加入，一起动手，善莫大焉。由于急救知识关系生死，责任重大，希望大家在翻译时认真谨慎，并请在跟帖时将原文与翻译稿一并帖出为谢。</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>谨以此：</div>
<div>纪念在户外运动中不幸罹难的夏子、小倩等年轻的生命；</div>
<div>并献给热爱大自然、执着勇敢的驴友们。</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff00" size="2">生活总是充满意外，我们能做的就是避免无知！</font></div>

阿今

First-Aid Guide（急救指南）
Medical emergencies don't occur every day. But when they do, information can help you deal with these situations.
医疗急救事件不会每天发生。但一旦它们发生，急救知识能帮助你处理紧急情形。
        Anaphylaxis
        Animal bites
        Black eye
        Blisters
        Bruise
        Burns
        Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
        Chemical burns
        Chemical splash in the eye
        Chest pain
        Choking
        Corneal abrasion (scratch)
        Cuts and scrapes
        Dislocation
        Electrical burns
        Electrical shock
        Fainting
        Fever
        First-aid kits
        Food-borne illness
        Foreign object in the ear
        Foreign object in the eye
        Foreign object in the nose
        Foreign object in the skin
        Foreign object inhaled
        Foreign object swallowed
        Fractures (broken bones)
        Frostbite
        Gastroenteritis
        Head pain
        Head trauma
        Heart attack
        Heat cramps
        Heat exhaustion
        Heatstroke
        Human bites
        Hypothermia
        Insect bites and stings
        Motion sickness
        Nosebleeds
        Poisoning
        Puncture wounds
        Severe bleeding
        Shock
        Snakebites
        Spider bites
        Spinal injury
        Sprain
        Stroke
        Sunburn
        Tick bites
        Tooth loss
        Toothache

Disclaimer: This information is not intended as a substitute for professional medical advice, emergency treatment or formal first-aid training. Don't use this information to diagnose or develop a treatment plan for a health problem or disease without consulting a qualified health care provider. If you're in a life-threatening or emergency medical situation, seek medical assistance immediately.

不承诺声明：本信息并不能代替专业的医疗意见、急救处理或正式的急救培训。未经咨询有资格的健康机构，请勿将本信息用于为健康问题或疾病作出诊断或制定医疗方案。如果你正处于生命受到威胁或紧急的情况，请立即寻求医疗救护。

阿今

<p>Anaphylaxis: First aid 过敏症</p>
<p>&nbsp;A severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) can produce shock and life-threatening respiratory distress. In sensitive people, anaphylaxis can occur within minutes or up to several hours after exposure to a specific allergy-causing substance. Almost any allergy-causing substance &mdash; including insect venom, pollen, latex, certain foods and drugs &mdash; can cause anaphylaxis. Some people have anaphylactic reactions from unknown causes. </p>
<p>严重的过敏反应（过敏症）能招致休克和威胁生命的呼吸困难。一些敏感性体质的人群，在暴露于特定的引起过敏的物质时，会在几分钟至几小时之内发生过敏反应。几乎所有的致敏物质&mdash;&mdash;包括昆虫毒液、花粉、橡胶、某些食物和药品&mdash;&mdash;都能引发过敏症。一些人也会因为不知名的原因引发过敏反应。</p>
<p>&nbsp;If you're extremely sensitive, you might break out in hives, and your eyes or lips might swell severely. The inside of your throat might swell as well, even to the point of causing difficulty breathing and shock. Dizziness, mental confusion, abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting or diarrhea also may accompany anaphylaxis.</p>
<p>&nbsp;如果你非常容易过敏，你也许会发麻疹，你的眼睛或嘴唇也许会很肿胀。你的喉咙也会肿，甚至致使呼吸困难和休克。过敏症还可以伴随有头昏眼花，精神错乱，腹部绞痛，恶心反胃，上吐下泄等症状。</p>
<p>&nbsp;If you've had an anaphylactic reaction in the past, carry medications with you as an antidote. Epinephrine is the most commonly used drug for severe allergic reactions. It comes only as an injection that must be prescribed by your doctor. You should also carry an antihistamine pill, such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl, others), because the effects of epinephrine are only temporary. Seek emergency medical attention immediately after taking these medications. </p>
<p>如果你过去有过敏症病史，应随身携带药品。肾上腺素是最常见的抗过敏药。它是只能注射输入，且须由医生开处方。你也应该携带抗阻胺剂药片，如苯海拉明（本那君等），因为肾上腺素只是起一个临时作用。服下这些药物后，应立即寻求医疗急救。</p>
<p>&nbsp;If you observe someone having an allergic reaction with signs of anaphylaxis:</p>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. Call 911 or your local medical emergency number. </p>
<p>2. Check for special medications that the person might be carrying to treat an allergic attack, such as an auto-injector of epinephrine (for example, EpiPen). Administer the drug as directed &mdash; usually by pressing the auto-injector against the person's thigh and holding it in place for several seconds. Massage the injection site for 10 seconds to enhance absorption. If your doctor prescribed an auto-injector of epinephrine, read the instructions before a problem develops and also have your household members read them. After administering epinephrine, have the person take an antihistamine pill if he or she is able to do so without choking. </p>
<p>3. Have the person lie still on his or her back with feet higher than the head. </p>
<p>4. Loosen tight clothing and cover the person with a blanket. Don't give anything to drink. </p>
<p>5. If there's vomiting or bleeding from the mouth, turn the person on his or her side to prevent choking.</p>
<p>&nbsp;6. If there are no signs of circulation (breathing, coughing or movement), begin CPR. </p>
<p>如果你发现某人有下列过敏症症状：</p>
<p>1、 拨打当地医疗急救电话。 </p>
<p>2、 检查病人是否随身携带了抗过敏症药品，如一支肾上腺素自动注射器（如EpiPen）。直接注射药品&mdash;&mdash;通常在病人的大腿处注射，并保持几秒钟。按摩注射处10秒，促进吸收。如果你的医生为你开了肾上腺素自动注射器的处方，请在过敏症发作之前阅读说明，并让你的家人阅读说明。在注射肾上腺素之后，在病人能吞咽而不会窒息的情况下，让病人服用抗阻胺剂药片。</p>
<p>3、 让病人背朝下平躺，使其脚比头高。</p>
<p>&nbsp;4、 松开病人的紧身衣物，盖上毯子。不要喂病人任何喝的。 </p>
<p>5、 如果有呕吐物或血从病人嘴人流出，将病人翻至侧躺，以避免其窒息。 </p>
<p>6、 如果病人没有身体循环的象征（如呼吸、咳嗽或移动），则开始进行心肺复苏术。</p>

阿今

Animal bites: First aid（动物咬伤）

Domestic pets cause most animal bites. Dogs are more likely to bite than cats. Cat bites, however, are more likely to cause infection. Bites from nonimmunized domestic animals and wild animals carry the risk of rabies. Rabies is more common in raccoons, skunks, bats and foxes than in cats and dogs. Rabbits, squirrels and other rodents rarely carry rabies. If an animal bites you or your child, follow these guidelines:

大部分动物咬伤是由家养宠物造成的。狗比猫更爱咬人。但是，猫咬致伤更可能造成感染。未经过免疫的家养动物的咬伤会引起狂犬病的风险。相比猫和狗，狂犬病更普遍地存在于浣熊、臭鼬、蝙蝠、狐狸等之中。兔子、松鼠和其它啮齿动物很少会患狂犬病。如果有动物咬到你或你的孩子，采取如下步骤：

        For minor wounds. If the bite barely breaks the skin and there is no danger of rabies, treat it as a minor wound. Wash the wound thoroughly with soap and water. Apply an antibiotic cream to prevent infection and cover the bite with a clean bandage.

        小伤口。如果咬伤几乎没有弄破皮肤，而且也不存在狂犬病的危险，就可以把它当成一个小伤口来处理。用肥皂和水彻底清洗伤口，涂上抗菌素膏以阻止感染，用干净的绷带盖住伤口。

        For deep wounds. If the animal bite creates a deep puncture of the skin or the skin is badly torn and bleeding, apply pressure with a clean, dry cloth to stop the bleeding and see your doctor.

        深伤口。如果动物咬伤在皮肤上造成一个深的小孔，或者皮肤被严重裂开或流血，用一块干净、干燥的布压住伤口来止血，并且尽快找到医生。

        For infection. If you notice signs of infection such as swelling, redness, increased pain or oozing, see your doctor immediately.

        感染。如果你注意到一些感染的症状，例如肿胀、发红、痛楚增加或者渗水，马上去看医生。

        For suspected rabies. If you suspect the bite was caused by an animal that might carry rabies ― any bite from a wild or domestic animal of unknown immunization status ― see your doctor immediately.

        疑似狂犬病。如果你怀疑咬伤是来自于可能携带狂犬病的动物――指任何野生动物或不清楚其免疫情况的家养动物――马上去看医生。

Doctors recommend getting a tetanus shot every 10 years. If your last one was more than five years ago and your wound is deep or dirty, your doctor may recommend a booster. You should have the booster within 48 hours of the injury.

医生建议每10年注射一次破伤风疫苗。如果你上一次是在5年以前，而且你的伤口比较深或脏，你的医生可能会建议注射一针疫苗。你应当在受伤后48小时之内注射疫苗。

阿今

（http://www.china-pub.com/computers/common/info.asp?id=563381）
【内容简介】
　　 本书提供了150多种常见疾病和有健康(包括精神与人际健康)问题的资讯，可靠、实用、通俗易懂；以助你在日常生活中安全地处理常见的医疗问题。此书共分8大部分，深入兼全面性地，由全身性症状、常见疾病、精神健康、保持健康、工作场所与健康、健康的消费等等，除讲解有关的一般健康问题，包括疾病的成因、病状与征状外，还会介绍自我诊疗和预防的方法、相关医疗资讯，以及建议往就诊的问题和可能受到的治疗等；务求在你于无知及迷惑中，提供由幼儿至年长者的基本而重要的医疗及保健资料。故此书亦可说是你及家人的保健「哑老师」。

jys4390

实际上我同意多了解一些急救知识是好的，而且实际上此类的书籍很多，如《野外生存基本技能(全球野外生存技能手册)》（作者：(英)雷・米尔斯）等等，只是多数情况下，半瓶子醋的效用，更不用提救助者的身体状况、心态等等影响到人判断力的方面，我赞成户外运动向专业化方向发展的建议，这样从个人和小团队的角度来说才能更有效的保障安全

小光-

Animal bites: First aid（动物咬伤） <br />
<br />
Domestic pets cause most animal bites. Dogs are more likely to bite than cats. Cat bites, however, are more likely to cause infection. Bites from nonimmunized domestic animals and wild animals carry the risk of rabies. Rabies is more common in raccoons, skunks, bats and foxes than in cats and dogs. Rabbits, squirrels and other rodents rarely carry rabies. If an animal bites you or your child, follow these guidelines: <br />
<br />
大部分动物咬伤是由家养宠物造成的。狗比猫更爱咬人。但是，猫咬致伤更可能造成感染。未经过免疫的家养动物<font color="#ff0000">和野生动物</font>的咬伤会引起狂犬病的风险。相比猫和狗，狂犬病更普遍地存在于浣熊、臭鼬、蝙蝠、狐狸等之中。兔子、松鼠和其它啮齿动物很少会患狂犬病。如果有动物咬到你或你的孩子，采取如下步骤： <br />
<br />
 For minor wounds. If the bite barely breaks the skin and there is no danger of rabies, treat it as a minor wound. Wash the wound thoroughly with soap and water. Apply an antibiotic cream to prevent infection and cover the bite with a clean bandage. <br />
<br />
 小伤口。如果咬伤几乎没有弄破皮肤，而且也不存在狂犬病的危险，就可以把它当成一个小伤口来处理。用肥皂和水彻底清洗伤口，涂上抗菌素膏以阻止感染，用干净的绷带盖住伤口。 <br />
<br />
 For deep wounds. If the animal bite creates a deep puncture of the skin or the skin is badly torn and bleeding, apply pressure with a clean, dry cloth to stop the bleeding and see your doctor. <br />
<br />
 深伤口。如果动物咬伤在皮肤上造成一个深的小孔，或者皮肤严重撕<font color="#ff0000">裂</font>或流血，用一块干净、干燥的布压住伤口来止血，并且尽快找到医生。 <br />
<br />
 For infection. If you notice signs of infection such as swelling, redness, increased pain or oozing, see your doctor immediately. <br />
<br />
 感染。如果你注意到一些感染的症状，例如肿胀、发红、痛楚增加或者渗<font color="#ff0000">液</font>，马上去看医生。 <br />
<br />
 For suspected rabies. If you suspect the bite was caused by an animal that might carry rabies &mdash; any bite from a wild or domestic animal of unknown immunization status &mdash; see your doctor immediately. <br />
<br />
 疑似狂犬病。如果你怀疑咬伤是来自于可能携带狂犬病的动物&mdash;&mdash;指任何野生动物或不清楚其免疫情况的家养动物&mdash;&mdash;马上去看医生。 <br />
<br />
Doctors recommend getting a tetanus shot every 10 years. If your last one was more than five years ago and your wound is deep or dirty, your doctor may recommend a booster. You should have the booster within 48 hours of the injury. <br />
<br />
医生建议每10年注射一次破伤风疫苗。如果你上一次<font color="#ff0000">注射</font>是在5年以前，而且你的伤口比较深或脏，你的医生可能会建议注射一针疫苗。你应当在受伤后48小时之内注射疫苗。

阿今

阿今

阿今

Black eye: First aid（眼部淤青）

The so-called black eye is caused by bleeding beneath the skin around the eye. Sometimes a black eye indicates a more extensive injury, even a skull fracture, particularly if the area around both eyes is bruised or if there has been a head injury. Although most black-eye injuries aren't serious, bleeding within the eye, called a hyphema, is serious and can reduce vision and damage the cornea. In some cases, abnormally high pressure inside the eyeball (glaucoma) also can result.

所谓的眼部淤青是由于眼睛周围的皮下出血而引起的。有时眼部淤青表明更大的伤害，甚至是头骨破裂，特别是如果双眼周围都有淤青或者发生过头部受伤的情况。尽管大部分眼部淤青并不严重，但眼睛内出血，即眼前房出血，是非常严重的，能引起视力下下降和角膜损坏。在一些案例中，眼球内反常的高压（青光眼）也是原因之一。

To take care of a black eye:
        Using gentle pressure, apply a cold pack or a cloth filled with ice to the area around the eye. Take care not to press on the eye itself. Apply cold as soon as possible after the injury to reduce swelling, and continue using ice or cold packs for 24 to 48 hours.
        Be sure there's no blood in the white and colored parts of the eye.
Seek medical care immediately if you experience vision problems (double vision, blurring), severe pain, or bleeding in the eye or from the nose.

如何处理眼部淤青：

    用冰袋或者一块包着冰的布轻轻按在眼部周围。当心不要压到眼睛。在受伤后尽快使用冰镇以减少肿胀，而且持续地使用权用冰或冰袋达24到48小时。

    确定眼睛的眼白和有色的部位没有出血。

如果你视力出现问题（重影，模糊），剧烈疼痛，或者眼睛或鼻子流血的话，立即寻求医疗救治。